FSD (Supervised) in Europe: where is it approved?

The Netherlands went first

The RDW issued the approval on 10 April 2026 after more than a year and a half of testing on its track and on public roads. It is a provisional EU type approval: European in form, but valid only on Dutch territory until the rest of the procedure runs. The RDW stresses the car is not self-driving. The driver stays responsible and must stay in control, with eyes on the road and hands ready to take the wheel.

That last point matters for insurance. Approval says the system may assist you. It does not move responsibility from you to the car. Who pays after a crash with FSD is a separate question, and the answer does not change with approval.

Which countries allow it now

Belgium followed on 10 June 2026. The Flemish mobility minister accepted the Dutch approval for Belgian territory under Article 39(5) of the type-approval regulation, after about 5,000 km of tests on Belgian roads with tram tracks, bicycle streets and dense signage, as Belgian press reported. Her letter states the premise plainly: the driver is and remains responsible at all times.

Belgium was not alone. Lithuania accepted the Dutch approval on 20 May 2026, Estonia on 29 May and Denmark on 9 June. Other states raised questions. Sweden told the EU committee in writing that it would vote against unless Tesla removes the option to drive above the posted speed limit, and France chose to run its own road tests before taking a position.

In September two more followed: Slovenia on 7 September and Czechia on 21 September 2026. The EU-wide vote in the Technical Committee on Motor Vehicles (TCMV) is scheduled for 6 October 2026 and needs a qualified majority: 15 of the 27 member states, together covering 65% of the EU population. Before crossing a border, check the national authority: the car switches the system off where it has no approval.

How one Dutch approval can cover Europe

The route is Article 39 of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, the EU law on type approval. A manufacturer can ask for approval of technology that does not fit the existing rules, if it shows the system is at least as safe. The authority may then grant a provisional EU type approval valid only in its own member state. Other states may accept it in writing. Full validity across the EU needs the Commission and a committee of member states to agree.

That is where FSD (Supervised) stood in September 2026: provisionally approved, accepted in a handful of states, EU-wide decision pending.

The UN rules behind it: R79 and R171

Two UN regulations shape what the RDW approved. R79 covers steering systems, including lane keeping assistance. R171 covers Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS): systems that help with steering and speed over longer stretches while the driver stays in charge. It entered into force on 22 September 2024, according to the UN Treaty Collection, and it requires the car to monitor the driver and warn when attention drops.

FSD (Supervised) is assessed as such a level 2 system: strong support, full driver responsibility. The RDW notes the European software differs from the US version, so American test results say little about the European car.

What the RDW checked before signing

The RDW published its working method on 17 June 2026, after the Dutch minister answered questions in parliament. Its data experts re-ran Tesla’s statistical analysis and checked whether the data was complete and verifiable. The baseline was recent Tesla models without the system, set against test cars with it on European roads.

The RDW also ran its own programme: more than 3,000 hours of testing, over 1,000 test runs in city traffic, on varied roads and in extreme weather, using data from 1.8 million km driven in Europe. Since approval, Tesla reports to the RDW monthly instead of yearly. By mid-June 2026 nearly 40,000 Teslas had driven about 24 million km in the Netherlands with FSD (Supervised), the RDW wrote, without any relevant incidents.

Where reports disagree

In June 2026 Reuters questioned Tesla’s crash comparison: Teslas with the system counted only crashes in which an airbag deployed, set against a crash rate for all cars that included lighter collisions. The RDW answered that it does not rely on such statistics and bases its decision on its own tests. Both statements can stand side by side: the comparison method can be disputed while the approval rests on separate testing. If the monthly reports change the picture, the RDW can investigate or set conditions.

What approval changes for your insurance

For who pays after a crash: nothing. The driver is still the driver, so motor liability insurance answers for the other party exactly as before. Approval concerns the car. Your policy is a separate contract.

Two things may change over time. Insurers can start asking whether FSD (Supervised) was engaged, on the proposal form or after a crash. Answer as you would any question about the drive. And kilometre-based pricing gets a new input: how much of your driving the system did. Cushly reads exactly two counters for that, total km and FSD km, never a location. See Autopilot vs FSD (Supervised) for what each system does, or work out your share with the FSD share calculator.